Yes.

No.

Yes.

No.

Yes.

It may be irrelevant for a single game but in a tournament or championship with multiple players it could be interesting.

In this case the person that has the most tiles (colonists + public buildings + outposts + trade agreements) should be ranked higher. Should there be a tie, the person that has more gold is ranked higher.

To shuffle the stack and add a new tile it is required to remove a tile, not just roll the pirate.

Yes.